Lesson 4
Vocabulary
surge
(n.) �������������ҧ�Ǵ����
I
felt a surge of happiness when I got an award.
�ѹ����֡�դ����آ����������ҧ�Ǵ������������Ѻ�ҧ���
surge
(v.) ����������ҧ�Ǵ���� ����ŧ�
The
price of gold surged last month.
�Ҥҷͧ������ŧ� �������͹�������
extinguish
(v.) �Ѻ��ԧ
The
firefighters try to extinguish the fire in the building.
��ѡ�ҹ�Ѻ��ԧ�������дѺ�㹵֡
drift
(v.) �Ѵ��� ��ͧ���
The
boat drifts slowly down the river.
������ͧ������ҧ���仵�������
providing
/ provided that (conj.)
�������͹����
He�ll
be accepted to the club providing that he wins the competition.
�Ҩ����Ѻ�������Ѻ�������� �������͹����
�ҵ�ͧ��С���觢ѹ
rod
(n.) �����������������
We
bring a fishing rod to the lake.
�ǡ��ҹ��紵����价������Һ����
in
the event that (conj.) 㹡óշ�����
I�ll
leave you my number in the event that you need help.
�ѹ�з���������Ѿ�������� 㹡óշ����Ҥس��ͧ��ä������������
repel
(v.) �Ѻ���
The
soldiers repelled the enemy.
���âѺ���ǡ�ѵ��
be
in on (v.)
The
whole class was in on the exhibition.
�硹ѡ���¹��駪��ʹ㨹Է��ȡ���ҡ
static
(adj.) ���§�á �Դ� �Ѵ �
I
can�t use the phone. There is too much static on the line.
�ѹ�������ö�����Ѿ���� �����§�á����
electrode
(n.) ����俿��
Copper
rods are used for electrodes.
�觷ͧᴧ�������俿��
flashlight
(n.) 俩��
Sam
uses his flashlight when he walks into the forest.
����俩�� ��������Թ��һ��
beam
(n.) ���ʧ
The
animals cannot resist the beam of the spotlight; they run away quickly.
������ѵ���ҧ� �������ö��ҹ�ҹ���ʧ�ͧ俷�����ʧ���ҧ����ҡ��
�ѹ���˹�����ҧ�Ǵ����
voltage
(n.) �ç�ѹ俿��
Watch out! Keep away from high voltage.
���ѧ ��������Ũҡ俿���ç�٧
magnetic
(adj.) ����ǡѺ�������
The
magnetic force can lift the metal.
�ç�ٴ�����������ö¡��������
magnet
(n.) �������
Jan
uses a magnet to hold on the picture on the refrigerator.
ᨹ��������硵Դ�ٻ�Ҿ���Ѻ������
primitive
(adj.) ������
Stone
is an example of a primitive weapon.
�Թ�繵�����ҧ�ͧ���ظ������
coil
(v.) ��
Nick
coils the wire around the metal bar.
����������ͺ������
in
case (conj.) 㹡óշ��
Here�s
an extra pillow in case the guest needs it.
�������͹����� 㹡óշ��ᢡ��ͧ���
breakdown
(n.) �����������
Due
to breakdown in electrical system, we could not use the computers right
now.
���ͧ�ҡ�к�俿�ҢѴ��ͧ ����������ö�����������㹢�й����
Exercise
�����㹪�ͧ��ҧ������Ѿ������ҹ��
surge extinguish in
case of coil
drift provided
that stick
to breakdown
static voltage repel flashlight
primitive rod in
the event that magnet
1.
They _______________ the candles before leaving the room.
2.
There was a ________________ in communication system. So we could
not contact the call center.
3.
My father ____________ the wire around the pole.
4.
_________________ heavy rain, we�ll call
off the trip.
5.
You may watch cartoons on TV__________________ you�ve finished your
homework.
6.
We need to __________ the track; otherwise, we�ll get lost in the
forest.
7.
People could not understand the announcement on the radio because
it was full of ____________.
8.
When it is getting dark, Jane needs a______________.
9.
The ship ____________ slowly down the river.
10.
You can use a ___________to pick up the pins on
the floor.
11.
We enjoyed watching ________________ movies in the museum.
12.
The troop ______________ the invaders to the border of the country.
13.
Karen showed a ___________ of relief after hearing that her son was
safe from the accident.
14.
You�ll need your ID card ______________________ you want to
withdraw some money from your bank account.
15.
We should install a lightning ____________ to prevent the lightning
damaging the building.
Answer key
1.
They extinguish the candles before leaving the room.
2.
There was a breakdown in communication system. So we could
not contact the call center.
3.
My father coils the wire around the pole.
4.
In case of
heavy rain, we�ll call off the trip.
5.
You may watch cartoons on TV provided that you�ve finished
your homework.
6.
We need to stick to the track; otherwise, we�ll get lost in
the forest.
7.
People could not understand the announcement on the radio because
it was full of static.
8.
When it is getting dark, Jane needs a flashlight.
9.
The ship drifts slowly down the river.
10.
You can use a magnet to pick up the pins on
the floor.
11.
We enjoyed watching primitive movies in the museum.
12.
The troop repels the invaders to the border of the country.
13.
Karen showed a surge of relief after hearing that her son
was safe from the accident.
14.
You�ll need your ID card in the event that you want to
withdraw some money from your bank account.
15.
We should install a lightning rod to prevent the lightning
damaging the building.
Grammar
Reciprocal pronouns
��þ���
each other
��� one another
���ʴ���������ѹ�������ҧ�ѹ
David knows Rosa. Rosa knows David.
They know each other.
one another.
������ҧ The
white necktie looks good with the black shirt.
The white necktie and the
black shirt look good with each other / one another.
Angelina wears her sister�s
skirt and her sister wears hers.
Angelina and her sister wear
each other / one another�s skirt.
Exercise
��¹����¤�������� each other ���� one
another
1. The
cinema is near the bank.
________________________________________________________________
2. Ben talked to his friend on the phone
last night.
________________________________________________________________
3. Greg
first met Tony three years ago.
________________________________________________________________
4. Josh
seldom sees Nathan before Christmas.
________________________________________________________________
5. Andy
congratulated Brian for graduation. Brian congratulated Andy for graduation.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Susan
sends Clara a greetings card every year and Clara does the same.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Max
hasn�t seen his friend for ages.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. Sometimes
Margaret helps Jack with his assignments.
At other times Jack helps
Margaret with her assignments.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. On
Friday, we discussed the customs of all the students in the class.
_________________________________________________________________________
10. Josh
doesn�t drive to work with Andrew anymore.
_________________________________________________________________________
Answer
key
1. The
cinema and the bank are near each other / one another.
2. Ben
and his friend talked to each other / one another on the phone last
night.
3. Greg
and Tony met each other / one another three years ago.
4. Josh
and Nathan seldom see each other / one another before Christmas.
5. Andy
and Brian congratulated each other / one another for graduation.
6. Susan
and Clara send each other / one another a greetings card every year.
7. Max
and his friend haven�t seen each other / one another for ages.
8. Sometimes
Margaret and Jack help each other / one another with their assignments.
9. On
Friday, we discussed each other / one another�s customs.
10. Josh
and Andrew don�t drive to work with each other / one another anymore.
Expressing cause / reason
with because, since and now that
1. ����¤�ʴ��˵�����˵ؼ� ��Сͺ���� 2 ͹ػ���¤
��͹ػ���¤˹���ʴ��˵������˵ؼŢͧ��á�з��������͹�
��ǹ�ա͹ػ���¤˹���ʴ���
2. ���ѹ�ҹ (conjunction) ���� because, since ��� now that ���й�͹ػ���¤����ʴ��˵������˵ؼ�
ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ã¶ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½Í¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â¤ï¿½Ó¤Ñ (main clause) ���������¹�ŧ��������
���ҧ�á��� �Ҩ������¹����鹤���
��ͤ�è� ���
㨤����ӤÑ㹻���¤���ҡ�͹�ӴѺ�á
3. ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â¤ï¿½Ó¤Ñ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
|
Conjunction of Cause / Reason ���ѹ�ҹ�ʴ��˵������˵ؼ� |
Cause / Reason Clause ͹ػ���¤�ʴ��˵�/�˵ؼ� |
Effect Clause (main) ͹ػ���¤�ʴ��� |
|
Because (������� / ���ͧ�ҡ) |
there were rainstorms in the village, |
we had to turn off the television. |
|
Since (���ͧ�ҡ / ���˵ط��) |
the television doesn�t work, |
I miss my favorite program. |
|
Now that (���ͧ�ҡ�Ѵ���) |
The rainstorms have moved out of the village, |
we can turn the television on again. |
Exercise
���������¤���仹������繻���¤���ǡѹ����
because, since ��� now
that
1.
I had to buy a new radio.
My
old one was broken.
_________________________________________________________________________
2.
Sandra is very happy.
Her
family visits her.
_________________________________________________________________________
3.
Jonathan couldn�t get into his car.
He
locked his keys in the car.
_________________________________________________________________________
4.
Mark can take off his coat.
The
weather here is warm.
________________________________________________________________________
5.
Mary likes Chinese food.
They�ll
eat the Golden Dragon Restaurant tonight.
___________________________________________________________________
6.
Andy had to call the police.
Someone
broke into his house.
____________________________________________________________________
7.
I�ll watch TV tonight.
There
are many interesting documentaries on.
____________________________________________________________________
8.
Jake has a new pair of trainers.
He
goes biking every morning.
___________________________________________________________________
9.
There are no batteries.
The
remote control does not work.
____________________________________________________________________
10.
Max can afford it.
He�ll
get that new mobile phone.
_______________________________________________________________
Answer
key
1.
Since
my old radio was broken, I had to buy a new one.
2.
Now that
her family visits her, Sandra is very happy.
3.
Jonathan couldn�t get into his car because he locked his
keys in the car.
4.
Now that
the weather here is warm, Mark can take off his coat.
5.
Because Mary
likes Chinese food, they�ll eat the Golden Dragon Restaurant tonight.
6.
Andy had to call the police because someone broke into his
house.
7.
I�ll watch TV tonight since there are many interesting
documentaries on.
8.
Now that
Jake has a new pair of trainers, he goes biking every morning.
9.
The remote control does not work because there are no
batteries.
10.
Now that
Max can afford it, he�ll get that new mobile phone.
If, in the event that, in case
(���, 㹡óշ��)
1. In
case, in the event (that) ��� if �繤��ѹ�ҹ
(conjunction) ������ʴ�͹ػ���¤���͹� (conditional
clause) �Ҩ���Դ��������Դ��鹡���
2. �͹ػ���¤����˹�ҷ������͹������ɳ� ��͢��¡���� (adverbial
clause) ͹ػ���¤���͹� ï¿½Ò¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½Í¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â¤ï¿½Ó¤Ñ (main
clause) ���ҧ�á��� ���˹觢ͧ�ѹ����ö����¹��������
㨤����ӤÑ���س��ͧ����鹨��ҡ�͹�ӴѺ�á
������ҧ
If you are not hungry now, we can eat lunch later.
We
can eat lunch later if you are not hungry now.
��Ҥس�ѧ�����ǵ͹��� ��ҡԹ����á�ҧ�ѹ����ѧ����
3. ���¤��駷�� in
case �Ѻ in
the event (that) �դ�����������͹�ѹ�������ö��᷹�ѹ��
������ҧ Have
your driving license ready in case (that) the policeman asks to see it.
������͹Øҵ�Ѻ���ö¹�����������º���� 㹡óշ����Ǩ�͵�Ǩ��
�������� Have your driving license
ready; the policeman may ask to see it.
������͹Øҵ�Ѻ���ö¹�����������º����
���Ǩ�Ҩ�Т͵�Ǩ��
4. �ҧ���� if �Ѻ in the event (that) �դ�����������͹�ѹ�������ö��᷹�ѹ��
������ҧ If
anyone needs to contact me, he or she can call me at 222-3456.
In
the event (that) anyone needs to contact me, he or she can call me
at 222-3456.
����õ�ͧ��èеԴ��͡Ѻ�� ��������������Ҽ��������� 222-3456
�������� Someone might need to talk
to me. When or if that happens, he or she can call me at 222-3456.
�úҧ���Ҩ�е�ͧ��ä�¡Ѻ��
�����㴡������Ͷ������觹���Դ��� �����������Ҽ��������� 222-3456
5. �ҧ���� ��� 3 �� �դ�����������͹�ѹ�������ö��᷹�ѹ��
������ҧ In case it
rains, I�ll bring my umbrella with me.
In
the event (that) it rains, I�ll bring my umbrella with me.
If
it rains, I�ll bring my umbrella with me.
㹡óշ�轹�� / ��ҽ��� �ѹ�й�����Դ���仴���
����ѧࡵ in case ��� if ��᷹�ѹ�����
������ҧ I�ll take a
jacket in case it�s cold outside.
�ѹ��������������仴��� 㹡óշ���ҡ�Ȣ�ҧ�͡���
6. �͹ػ���¤���͹� in case, in the event
(that) ��� if ��������ٻ present ����
past tense ����Ѻ͹Ҥ� ���ʴ�����������ٻẺ present tense ������� will �ʴ�͹Ҥ�
Exercise
���������¤���仹������繻���¤���ǡѹ����ӷ�������ǧ���
1. Here�s my telephone number. You need to
get in touch with me. (in case)
_________________________________________________________________________
2.
I�ll use a spare key. I forget my key at home. (in the event that)
_________________________________________________________________________
3.
I�ll go to the beach with you. You drive me there. (if)
_________________________________________________________________________
4.
Use the stairs. The elevator is broken. (in case)
_________________________________________________________________________
5.
It snows. We�ll call off the trip to the mountain. (in the event
that)
_________________________________________________________________________
6.
Your car is damaged. You should report it to the insurance company.
(in case)
_________________________________________________________________________
7.
You don�t understand how to do it. Ask the manager. (if)
_________________________________________________________________________
8.
You can take a taxi. You miss the train. (in case)
_________________________________________________________________________
9.
There is turbulence during the flight. Please fasten your seatbelt.
(in the event that)
_________________________________________________________________________
10.
You want to visit Alan. I�ll give you his address. (in case)
_________________________________________________________________________
Answer
key
1.
Here�s my telephone number in case you need to get in touch
with me.
In
case you need to get in touch with me, here�s my telephone number.
2.
I�ll use a spare key in the event that I forget my key at
home.
In the event that I
forget my key at home, I�ll use a spare key.
3.
I�ll go to the beach with you if you drive me there.
If
you drive me to the beach, I�ll go there with you.
4.
Use the stairs in case the elevator is broken.
In case
the elevator is broke, use the stairs.
5.
We�ll call off the trip to the mountain in the event that it
snows.
In the event that
it snows, we�ll call off the trip to the mountain.
6.
In case
your car is damaged, you should report it to the insurance company.
You should report it to
the insurance company in case your car is damaged.
7.
If you don�t
understand how to do it, ask the manager.
Ask
the manager if you don�t understand how to do it.
8.
You can take a taxi in case you miss the train.
In case
you miss the train, you can take a taxi.
9.
In the event that
there is turbulence during the flight, please fasten your seatbelt.
Please fasten your
seatbelt in the event that there is turbulence during the flight.
10.
In case you
want to visit Alan, I�ll give you his address.
I�ll give you Alan�s
address in case you want to visit him.
Provided (that) / providing (that) ��� if
(��������͹����)
������ҹ�����й�͹ػ���¤���͹�
������ҧ You will pass the
test provided / providing (that) you study hard.
�س���ͺ��ҹ ��������͹䢷����Ҥس�������¹
You
can rent the DVDs provided / providing (that) you have member card.
�س����ö����蹴��մ��� ��������͹䢷����Ҥس�պѵ���Ҫԡ
Exercise
�ͺ�Ӷ�����仹��
�¢�鹵鹻���¤���� provided
(that) / providing (that)
1.
Can you go to the museum? have free time
_________________________________________________________________________
2.
Will you buy a new car next year? save some money this year
_________________________________________________________________________
3.
Do you think you�ll get an �A� in
Biology? work
hard
________________________________________________________________________
4.
Can I borrow your notebook? return it tomorrow
________________________________________________________________________
5.
Will Jack be able to cash a check? the bank is open
________________________________________________________________________
6.
Can I play the piano? play it
softly
________________________________________________________________________
7.
Can we go out to dinner? have any
money left
________________________________________________________________________
8.
Will Laura graduate in February? pass this
course
________________________________________________________________________
9.
Can Martin and Josh go with us? there are enough
seats in the car
________________________________________________________________________
10.
Can we see the musical? have tickets
_________________________________________________________________________
Answer key
1.
Can you go to the museum?
Sure,
I can go to the museum provided (that) / providing (that) I have free time.
2.
Will you buy a new car next year?
Yes,
I�ll buy a new car next year provided (that) / providing (that) I save some
money this year.
3.
Do you think you�ll get an �A� in Biology?
Of
course, I�ll get an �A� in Biology provided (that) /
providing (that) I work hard.
4.
Can I borrow your notebook?
Sure,
you can borrow your notebook provided (that) / providing (that) you return it
tomorrow.
5.
Will Jack be able to cash a check?
Yes,
Jack will be able to cash a check provided (that) / providing (that) the bank
is open.
6.
Can I play the piano?
Certainly,
you may play it provided (that) / providing (that) you play it softly.
7.
Can we go out to dinner?
Yes,
we can go out to dinner provided (that) / providing (that) we have any money
left.
8.
Will Laura graduate in February?
Of
course, she will graduate in February provided (that) / providing (that) she
passes this course.
9.
Can Martin and Josh go with us?
Sure,
they can go with us provided (that) / providing (that) there are enough seats
in the car.
10.
Can we see the musical?
Certainly,
we can see the musical provided (that) / providing (that) we have tickets.
Unless is similar to if��..not
���ѹ�ҹ����ʴ�͹ػ���¤���͹� ��� unless ��� if�� not ������ҹ���ʴ����͹��ԧź 㹺�Ժ���ǹ�Ë���դ�����������͹�ѹ
������ҧ I
will not go to the party unless I am invited.
I
will not go to the party if I am not invited.
�ѹ�����仧ҹ�������ҩѹ������Ѻ�Ô
I�m
not going to the mall unless it stops raining.
I�m
not going to the mall if it does not stop raining.
�ѹ��������ҧ��þ�Թ��Ҷ�ҽ������ش��
Exercise
�ӻ���¤���仹�����١��ͧ����
unless ���� if��.not
1.
If you do not
work hard, you may fail the test.
_______________________________________________________________________
2.
You can�t get on the train unless you have a ticket.
_______________________________________________________________________
3.
Sarah can�t see unless she wears eyeglasses.
_______________________________________________________________________
4.
He�s going to be late if he does not hurry.
_______________________________________________________________________
5.
I�ll go to the gym with you, if I�m not too tired.
_________________________________________________________________________
6.
I can�t help you unless you tell me what your problem is.
_________________________________________________________________________
7.
Let�s leave earlier if we do not want to get stuck in
the traffic.
_________________________________________________________________________
8.
We can paint the house tomorrow unless it rains.
_________________________________________________________________________
9.
If you do not
fix your car, you cannot drive it.
_________________________________________________________________________
10.
Unless
you borrow your friend some money, you cannot buy a new computer.
_________________________________________________________________________
Answer
key
1.
Unless
you work hard, you may fail the test.
2.
You can�t get on the train if you do not have a
ticket.
3.
Sarah can�t see if she does not wear eyeglasses.
4.
He�s going to be late unless he hurries.
5.
I�ll go to the gym with you unless I�m too tired.
6.
I can�t help you if you do not tell me what your
problem is.
7.
Let�s leave earlier unless we want to get stuck in the
traffic.
8.
We can paint the house tomorrow if it does not rain.
9.
Unless
you fix your car, you cannot drive it.
10.
If you do not
borrow your friend some money, you cannot buy a new computer.
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